Caliphs From Rasheduun To 1925, MP ensiclopaedia by prof MORG Options

[Morg]

well hey all of u... i want totell u guys about the caliphs we have had from the days of prophet until the last in 1924...

i will start with khalifae rasheduun (the rightly guided caliphs)

the rightly guided caliphs were they who were chosed in a democratic way to follow prophet muhammad peace be upon him mission.
the period were from 631-661

during this period islam got its ekstend all to indus in east and to morrocco in west.. a huge empire controlled from Medina and Mecca



631-634
Abu bakr as sadiqq
wery first free man to accept islam
, were chosed as the successor to prophet muhammad peace be upon him
All of arabia south for mesopotamia were muslim.
faced the rebels of jews and christians pluss other arabs claiming to be prophets.
The al murtadeens (tribes which didnt payed zakat) were fought
Usamahs mission to syria continued.

Battle of yamamah
Southern syria liberated pluss al-hirah in iraq conquered
Quran is collected into one book
Ajnadeen the battle of palestine

634-644
Omar ibne khattab

Battle of yamuuk led by Khalid bin walid
Battle of al-qadisiyyah
Jalula battle
-Rome, Palestine , Syria , Egypt and the persians liberated and defeated

the hijri calender introduced to the islamic world, form the day muhammad peace be upon him mad ehis migration from makkah to madinah

Northern africa
Azerbadjan
And other areas taken
Empire stracted from Lybia to Persia and from Azerbadjan to southern tip of yemen.

Omar assasinated by a non muslim

644-656
Uthman ibn affan

Sapur and tripolitania in africa liberated
Khurasan and naisapur defeated in parsia.

Quran published in one format as one book to all of the empire

uthman assasinated in madinah , by some rebels (maybe kharijites).

656-661
Ali ibn ali talib

-sucessor to Uthman..

battle of camel fought between ali and his opponents
the battle of siffin, between ali and muawiyah
nahrawan battle against khwarijites

alis period remembered as the civil war. Where islam cut into three lines.

-the kharijites. The most early sect of islam. Militant assasinated caliph uthaman. Later opposed caliph Ali too.

-The shiat ali. Party of ali. Who claimed ali to be the first caliph. Although abu bakr were chosed. But shiat alis chose ali as the first imam. Later known as Shias. Or ithna asharis. (12 ers) after theyr 12 imaams

remember. The shias and the rest of islam at that period were equal and identical. No changes were made. These two gorups were merely politically opponents.

Imam Ali was killed in Masjide Kufa while in sajda during Fajr prayer, by Abdur Rehman ibne Muljim, a Khariji.

from then muawiya got the command and the beginning of the ummayyi dynasty started
the shii party got its own line with hazrat imam hassan and later hazrat imam hussein..



under these four calpips islam got this empire

more maps

pluss the split of islam in three directions.

Main Islam the followers of the caliphate (not nececarry the followers)
Shiat ali the party of ali (Shia)
Kharijites


SHIA ISLAM
-The shiat ali were rarely a party which supported hazrat ali to be the caliph. thus the shias already knew him as the imam. First imam after the prophet muhammad peace be upon him
Later when Hazrat ali died. his son Hazrat hassan took the command. but muawiya took the power from hassan and the imami line went to Hazrat hussein. who were martyred in the famous battle of karbala by yazids forces.
Although the shia imams line continued but until the reign of imam jaffar. the main islam and shia islam were basically identical. it were only the leadership which were different

Hazrat ImamAli
Hazrat Imam Hassan
Hazrat Imam Hussain
Imam Zain ul abedeen
Mohammad Al- Baqir
Jafaar As Saadiq
Musa Kazim
Ali r rida
Mohammad Taqi
Ali r hadi
Hassan Al Askari
Imam Muhammad Mahdi

will come back later to the shia islam

KHARIJITES.
the murderer of hazrat uthman were a kharijite.
the kharitjite group were outlaws and rebels from south eastern tip of arabia.
khariji = to go out
they went against uthman in his policy to not to let hazrat ali to the seat. But then they opposed hazrat ali . Got a serios crack down by hazrat ali , but later they grew wery strong in todays oman. now known as Ibadhis. and are to be wery ekstremists.


islam at the end of the four caliphs wer ein three parts
but they followed the same basis school and laws of islam.
later it developed different sects and fiqas


continue with Ummayyah caliphs line.

This post has been edited by Morg: Apr 7 2004, 03:12 PM

[Razz]

The Irony....we Killed our own very respected people....May ALLAH forgive us

Morg I am really looking forward from the Ummayads and then Ottomans and then the rulers of today's "majestic" Islamic countries who helped Europeans to gain back Spain and Greece and threw away the throne of Ottomans to open a new bright future for "Muslims"
nice effort

[Morg]

Ummayaad dynasty

Ummayah is the family name of the tribe of caliph uthman and Muawiya.
This tribe is related to the big Quraish tribe from which prophet muhammad (peace be upon him) belonged to.

After the reign of the prophet and the khulefa rasheduun the ummayads got control

Prophets reign (621-631)
Khulafe rasheduun (631-661)

Muawiya a sahabi of the prophet and a powerful man of his clan. Were sat as the governor of Syria by his cousin Uthman. Later under Alis rule. Muawiya took full control of the area. And wanted himself to be proclaimed as caliph. This ended up in civil war. Where hazrat ali were beheaded under a sajda. Later hazrat hassan took the caliphate. But Miawiya took the power from him too. From now Muawiya were the strong man. And in claiph line is he known as the successor to ali. Hazrat hussein became the leader of the supressed (both shias and sunnis couse they wer ethe same at that time) And as we all know. Son of Muawiya. Yazid and his works in karbala marked the end of the civil war. In Ummayad win. Hazrat Hussein were martyred. And Muawiya became the alone ruler. Later his son took the command.

Yazid is known as the great enemy of islam. Thus his father were a sahabi he himself were a drunker and a man who did anything to go against hazrat hussein. From this point we can c that the masjid were controlled by Hazrat hussein and the politics by Yazid.

Note
- Capital changed to Damascus
-real islamic system is when politics and islam becomes one.
-muslims by names claiphs.
-non democratic and without islamic law they made a monarchy.
(remember the caliphate ended after the death of ali, but still some of the ummayahs did great to spread islam too even though they descented yazid.)

later it all changed. More and more lerned caliphs came. And the empire started to work as one country. One language Arabic replaced greek and pahlavi in persian and turkish areas (at that time greek areas) The beurocrasy worked great and the ummyads took the system of the byzantics to collect tax and deal with problems. Zones and provinces mad eit easily. But still secualrism from the caliphs were a threath for islam.
But later a caliph UMAR IBN ABDALAZIZ (umar II) he were a learned man from median and had the caliphate for a time. Under his rule the religion and politics got a liftup. And the other religions were tolerated. That way islam were looked upon as a idol religion. And the converts came in huge masses. Pluss the tax on non muslims gave mush more income couse of the huge empire. Borders from china to Spain.
The Dome of the rock (the al-aqsa masjid and the rock) were made , and prepared for more beautification. That way islams third holy place were made. The ummayyad masjid were also made in damascus and is known for its unique arabic arcitecture.



Heres a list of ummayad caliphs

Muawiya
Yazid
Muawiya II
Marwan
Abu malik
Al-Walid
Sulayman
Umar II
Yazid II
Hisham
Al-walid II
Yazid III
Ibrahim
Marwan II

They reigned from 661-749 and were successed by the abbasids
But first some maps and info about the ummayah period



Islamic sects at that time

Islam were not controlled by the state anymore. And different lines came up. Not many sects as later but branches already took shape.
As the Shias (party of ali) got divided into two groups in 740 or a bit earlier
Where one part of the shias wanted Imam Zayd as imam, while the other wanted Mohammad Al-Baqar. The zaydis or fivers as they are called came inminority and are based mainly in northern yemen. There are said that they are more close to sunni than shia muslims.

The four madhabbs of sunni islam and the two shia madhabbs were started to take shape during the last years of ummayyad period

Maliki
Hanbali
Hanafi
Shafei

Jaafri
Zaydi

These were the school the muslims followed at that time. Schools which later shaped upto different sects and lines. As the shia madhabbs became later more further away from the sunni madhabbs. But at that time . they wer emerely some groups of legal lawyers and religious leaders. (will come back to it later)

The other sect of islam. Kharijites were hit down by Muawiya and were quite for a period. There is said they got control of areas north for Teheran but late rthey lost it. Now they got a new headquarter in Oman. which they still hold known as Ibadhites

The ummayyads were overthrown from Damascus later by the Abbasid revolt. Abbasids who were descent of Prophets uncle Abbas , they mad erebel in Khorasan in persia. Which later spread to Baghdad and to Damascus
The ummayads got slaughtered and Abbasids took the caliph line with headquarter in Baghdad
Although. A grandson of caliph Hisham escaped with a loyal servant to the iland of Spain. There he established his own kingdom. Known as the ummayad spain. But for the time. The abbasids got the claiphate.

...continue

post any new advises i should include

This post has been edited by Morg: Apr 9 2004, 11:13 AM

[Prince Ali]

Nice work, Morg.

Abbasids started their revolt with the slogan that caliphate is the right of Bani Hashim. They got support from common people based on this slogan.

Abbasids were the descendants of Hazrat Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib, Prophet's uncle. Hence they considered caliphate to be their right.

The first Abbasid caliph is nick-named "As Safah", which means something like "the slaughterer", since he killed a large number of Umayyads.

Abbasids later killed thousands of descendants of Ali, since they considered their own imams to be the rightful owner of caliphate, who were also from Bani Hashim. Later, in order to distinguish from Abbasids, the descendants of Ali were called "Bani Fatima".

After sometime, a sub-sect of shias, the Ismaelis, took control of Egypt, and started the Fatimid Dynasty, so called because they were from Bani Fatima.

This dynasty came to end at the hands of Sultan Salahuddin Ayyubi (Saladin).

Abbasid caliphate remained for about 300 years, and was ended by the Mongols.

----

Morg, sorry about moving forward in history. I just started typing, and it just kept on flowing.
I will delete this post in a few days.

[LuXoR]

^^^ You might as well keep it. Such an informative post... a shame to see it go in vain.

[Morg]

yeah dont delete it....i will make a abbasid thang too...will add much moreee....oh hell u will be surprised for that...but keep urs..

people give me comments here...add ur things to my posts...but if u give remarks please delete em later...when i have posted another post..

[Prince Ali]

Hey Morgy, where are you man? Still waiting.

By the way, I did not know that almost all Arabian peninsula had become Muslim until Prophet's death. So fast growth. Makkah was conquered by 8th AH, and Prophet died by 11th AH.
Did all this conquest occur in only 3 years?
Amazing!

Or am I wrong?

This post has been edited by Prince Ali: Apr 15 2004, 11:29 PM

[Morg]

eh...hmmm...hehe

well there are still arabs who are christians...newer have all the arab ethnic group been 100% muslims....always someone to convert...but u can say all the tribes of arabs payed theyr allegiance to prophet....but that wasnt all of arabian peninsual...


hejaz and a strip of oman did....later abu bakr made whole of arab peninsula under islamic command



i have exams for the time...but i am slowly working on abbasids, ummayad spain, ayyubis, fatimids, buyids,.....